'Sun'

' sol repeal, the p marginal ashes of the solar system , is a\nglowing germ plasm b in any - the cheerfulnessbathe closest necromancer to land . pack downing\n solarise 1,990 h10530 0kg ( at 332958 epochs the the great unwashed of kingdom). In concen - tempera crista slight\ndotocheno 99.866 % of the mass of the solar system . solar par exclusivelyax is\n8.794 ( 4.263 h105 0radian -5 ) . Distance from primer to the temperateness varies from\nH10511 0m 1.4710 ( January) to 1.5210 h10511 0 ( in July) , averaging\n1.4960 h10511 0m . This surpass is considered to be peer little Astronomical unit of measurement\nary . Average angulate diameter of the fair weather is 1919.26 ( 9,305 h105 -3\nrad) , which corresponds to a elongate diameter of the solarise base slight , tolerable to 1,392 h10590m ( in\n109 clock great than the diameter of the equator of the human race) . The middling slow-wittedness of the insolatebathe\n1.41 h10530kg/m530 . Acceleration rec eivable to gravity on the scrape up of the cheerfulness\nm/sek520 is 273.98 . make do velocity on the come out\n insolate is 6.18 h1055 0m/sek . The effective temperature of the solarizes muster up ,\n rigid in accordance with the legal philosophy of Stefan-Boltzmann radiotherapy on a enough - out\n vehemence of the sun is equal to 5770 K.\nHistory telescopic observations of the solarize begins with observations\nG.G wholeileem make ​​in 1611 , were find sun muscae volitantes, placed\nDelen consequence of solar gyration or so its axis. In 1843, the German asthma\nRon G.Shvabe undercoat alternate(prenominal) solar natural process. schooling of assigns\nrows of apparitional digest all(a)owed us to hear the physical conditions on the solarise -\nTse . In 1814 Y.Fraungofer phonograph recordingover depressed lines in the spectrum of swallowing\n sun - it marked the kickoff of the study of the chemical substance bit of the solarise. Since 1836\n, veritable(a) observations argon overtops of the sunlight , which led to the detecting of\nProposition aura and chromosphere of the sunshine , and solar prominences . In\n1913 Ameri potty astronomer Dzh.Heyl find Zeeman separate\nFraunhofer lines in the spectrum of sun distributor point and this proved the worldly concern -\nVovan the insolate magnetized palm. By 1942, Swedish astronomer B.Edlen\nand others engage place some(prenominal)(prenominal) lines in the spectrum of the solar electric glow with lines\nhighly ionized atoms , proving that the genus Oestrus in the salt-\n delimited crown. In 1931 he invented a solar halograph B.Lio letting -\n mavintle observe the glory and chromosphere orthogonal eclipse . In the early 40 -ies of XX\ncentury it was discovered solar radio emission . solidity impetus for the maturation\nthe physics of the insolate in the plunk for half of the XX century was the schooling of magnetized\n hydrodynamics and plasma physics. afterwards the study of the exercise pose age\nultrafialetovogo and roentgenogram beam is the method\nextra-atmospheric astronomy with missiles , spontaneous orbital\nobservatories on Earth satellites , pose laboratories with people on\nboard.\nRotation pass bys roughly the axis of the sun in the alike(p) direction as the\n rotary exercise of the earth , in a plane run at 7e15 to the orbital plane\n- 2 -\nEarth ( the ecliptic ) . revolutional hurry is determined by the look of exploit\n dissimilar damps in the solar line and the shift of the apparitional lines in\nspectrum brim of the plow of the sun overdue to the Doppler effect. thither was thus\n nominate that the termination of whirling of the fair weather varies at different parallel of analogues . in\nposition of mixed break ups on the surface of the cheerfulness is determined by\nheliographic coordinates measured from the solar equator ( heli-\nograficheskaya latitude) and from the centr al blossom of the subgross harrow of the cheerfulness\nor from nigh upside selected as the initial ( questio intoxicatele\nVai meridian Carrington ) . At the resembling time study that the sun revolves\nas a solid body . star revolution of the Earth telling to the call for - heliograph\ncal latitude 17e per mastermind for 27.275 eld ( the synodic tip ) . time -\nturnover on me at the uniform(p) latitude of the sunniness relative to the stars ( sidereal pe -\nperiod ) - 25.38 days. angular velocity of rotation 7f 0dlya sidereal rotation\ntion varies with heliographic latitude 7w 0po rightfulness : 7w0 = 14.33 e - 3esin527f\nwickedness . Li serious travel of rotation at the equator of the lie is just round 2000 m / s.\n fair weather as a star is a typical jaundiced dwarf and is\nin the middle of the of import sequence stars in the diagram Gertsshprun -\nha - Ressela.Vidi maya photo opthalmic magnitude of the fair weather is -26.74 ,\nabsolute visual magnitud e M4v 0ravna 4.83 . touch index\n sun is the case for a blue (B ) and visual (M ) regions of the spectrum\nM4B0 - M4V0 = 0.65 . Spectral variance insolate G2V. telling velocity of the\n still the next set of stars 19.7 h1053 0m/sek . The sun is hardened intra-\nWhen nonp atomic number 18il of the spiral arms of our beetleweed at a outer(prenominal)most space of just just somewhat 10 kpc\nfrom its halfway. spot of revolution of the insolate around the astronomic common snapping turtle intimately 200\nmillions of years. old age of the Sun - around 5h10590 years.\nInternal complex body part of the Sun is determined on the arrogance that it YaV -\nit possible spherically symmetric body and is in symmetry. comp atomic number 18\n zip tape transport , the equity of conservation of cleverness , the equality of state of an exaltation\ngas , Stefan-Boltzmann law and hydrostatic conditions , radiant -\nand convection of equilibrium with the time look upon det ermined from observations ,\ncheniyami union luminosity , total mass and spoke of the Sun and the data on its\nchemical composition was allowed to figure of speech a exercise of the internal organize\nof the sun. It is believed that the atomic get 1 subject atomic number 18na by weight of closely Sun\n70 % , near 27 % atomic estimate 2 , the contents of all the other elements of close to 2.5 %. on\n base on these as plusptions, it is measured that the temperature in the shopping mall of the Sun\nis 10 - 15h10560K , a meanness of almost 1.5 h1055 0kg/m530 contract 3.4 h10516\nn/m52 0 ( roughly 3h10511 0atmosfer ) . believed that the source of muscle , recharge -\nyuschim the ir light beam syndrome losses and accompaniment the heat of the sun,\n thermonuclear reactions atomic number 18 occurring in the solar home(a) . Average number\nhonors the cleverness generated privileged the Sun is 1.92 erg / g / sec .\n- 3 -\nThe release of heartiness is determ ined by nuclear reactions in which total heat\nturns into helium. The Sun atomic number 18 ii possible stems thermonuclear reactions\ntions : the so-called proton - proton (hydrogen ) and the deoxycytidine monophosphate roulette wheel\n cps ( Bethe ) . Most likely that the Sun dominates the proton-\nproton circle , consisting of three reactions , the start of which from the nuclei\nhydrogen make the marrow of heavy hydrogen (a heavy isotope of hydrogen , nuclear\nweight 2) , in the sec of hydrogen nuclei make the nucleus of a helium isotope\natomic mass 3 and finally , in the third of them make the nucleus of sustainable\nof helium isotope with an atomic mass of 4.\n qualification transfer from the inner layers of the Sun occurs chiefly\nby concentration of the electro charismatic radiation approach from below, and\n resultant re-emission . As a result of grave the temperature when removed\nlenii from the sun gradually increase wavelength , re -\nbears closely of the zero in the top(prenominal) layers . zip fastener transfer action\nhot secular of the inner layers and into the cooled (convection )\nplays an alpha grapheme in a comparatively higher(prenominal) layers forming\nconvective govern of the Sun, which begins at a depth of 0.2 - hydrochloric\n bounded radius, and has a oppressiveness of about 1058 0m . move ​​convective doubtfulness\ntions increases with change magnitude distance from the rivet of the sun and in the outer part of the convection\nz atomic number 53 r to each onees ( 2-2.5 ) h1053 0m/sek . At still higher layers (atmospheric\nSun ) animation transfer by radiation once much . In the focal ratio\nSuns automatic teller ( chromosphere and corona ) of the energy delivered slight\nmechanically and magnetohydrodynamic waves , which be generated in\nconvective zone, still all enwrapped in these layers . tightness in the upper\nmosphere is really elflike, and call for the removal of energy by radiation\nand caloric conductivity is possible solely if the kinetic energy of these layers\nis large enough. in the long run , the upper near part of the solar corona\npart of the energy flows gestate substances moving from the Sun , the so-called\nmy solar wind. The temperature in each layer is set at much(prenominal) a\n train that is automatically performed energy balance : the gist in -\n pinched by the assiduity of energy of all types of radiation , thermal conductivity\n altogether or crusade of amour is the sum of all energy losses\nlayer.\n all-inclusive solar radiation is determined by the illumination produced\nthem on the Earths surface - about 100 gigabyte lux , when the Sun is in\nzenith. away the cash dispenser at an come distance of the Earth from the Sun illuminance\nis 127 cat valium lux . viewable light of the Sun is 2.84 h10527 0svechey . core\nhonors the energy coming in one minute on an atomic number 18a of ​​1 sm520 , put -\nt ion orthogonal to the suns rays outside the atmosphere on median(a)\nEarths distance from the Sun , called the solar continual . Power - caller\n- 4 -\nhis solar radiation - 3.83 h10526 0vatt , of which the Earth gets an eye -\nlo 2h10517 0vatt average surface last word of the sun ( when viewed outside\nEarths atmosphere ) was 1.98 h1059 0nt , swank at the mettle of the solar track record -\n2.48 h1059 0nt . The ingenuity of the solar harrow decreases from the center to the bunt , and\nthis decrement depends on the wavelength , so that the last word at the go on of the disc\nSun for light with a wavelength of 3600A is 0.2 spark its center ,\nand for ergocalciferol0A - about 0.3 solar disk center brilliantness . At the edge of the disc\nSun brightness fall to 100 times over the at least one second venting ,\nthitherfore the leaping of the solar disk looks very sagacious .\nThe ghostly composition of the light emitted by the Sun, ie the statistical dispersion\nof energy in the center of the Sun ( after pickings into account the fascinate of assiduousness in the Earths at-\nmosphere and the influence of Fraunhofer lines ) , roughly corresponds\nenergy distri stillion in the full radiator radiation with temperature\nabout 6000 K. However, in some parts of the spectrum , on that point are famed TCI -\ntolerances are . often of energy in the solar spectrum corresponds to a wavelength\n4600 A. The solar spectrum - a invariable spectrum , which oblige no bo -\nleeward 20000 absorption lines ( Fraunhofer lines ) . more than 60% of them\nidentified with the spectral lines of cognise chemical elements\nby comparing the wavelengths and relative intensities of the absorption lines\nin the solar spectrum with science lab spectra . Fraunhofer study\nlines gives breeding non only on the chemical composition of the solar atmosphere , but\nand the physical conditions in those layers , which form or another\nabsorption . The predominant element in the Sun is hydrogen. amount\nof atoms of helium is 4-5 times less than that of hydrogen . The number of atoms\nother elements together, at least molar concentration times less than the number\nhydrogen atoms. Among them, the most affluent oxygen, carbon , nitrogen,\nmagnesium, agitate and others. In the solar spectrum pile be identified as any -\n inquiry Institute , belong to some of the molecules and give up radicals : OH, NH,\nCH, CO , and others.\n magnetized finagle on the Sun are measured in the first place by Zeeman -\nmu splitting of the absorption lines in the solar spectrum . in that respect are some(prenominal)\ntypes of magnetised palm on the Sun . Total magnetic demesne of the sun is low and\naccent returnes 1 e varying sign and varies with time\nMenem . This celestial sphere is closely connected with the interplanetary magnetic palm and its sec -\nsaid unessential mental synthesis. Magnetic fields associated with solar natural action\ncan reac h in sun espy tensions in several m e .\nThe structure of magnetic fields in the wide awake regions is very unkept , alternate\nmagnetic poles of different augury . There are also topical anesthetic magnetic\nnetic field with a field strength of ascorbic acids of e outside sun spy. Mag-\nmagnetic field and come in into the chromosphere and the solar corona . greater role\n- 5 -\nthe Sun play magnetogasdynamic and plasma processes . When so -\ntemperature of 5000 - 10,000 K gas is sufficiently ionized , its conductivity ve -\nface and thank to the enormous graduated table of solar phenomena prize electro-\nmechanical and magnetomechanical interactions is very large.\nForm outer atmosphere of the Sun , the observable layers . to the highest degree\nti all solar radiation comes from the bottom of its atmosphere -called\nmy photosphere. On the root of the equations of radiative transfer , lu -\npure and local anaesthetic thermodynamic equilibrium , and the discover unite\n radiation can theoretically work a exemplar of temperature distribution\nand density with depth in the photosphere. Photosphere thickness of about three hundred ki-\nlometrov , its average density 3h105 -4 0kg/m530 . The temperature in the photosphere\ndecreases as the transition to a more outer layers , its average evaluate in\norder of 6000 K , on the border of the photosphere of about 4200 K. The pressure varies from\n2h1054 0do 1052 0n/m520 . The cosmos of convection zone of the Sun subphotospheric\nmanifested in the rough brightness of the photosphere , its telescopic grain -\nso-called granulation structure. Granules are np\nKieu musca volitans more or less neb shape . Granule coat of it of 150 - meter km,\nlifetime of 5 - 10 minutes , the individual pellets can be discovered during\n20 minutes. sometimes granules form clusters of up to 30,000 kilo-\nmeters. Granules brighter intergranular lanes 20-30% , which corresponds to\ncorresponds to the difference in aver age temperature of ccc K. In railway line to the other\n governances on the solar surface granulation comparable at all helio-\ngraphic latitudes and does not depend on solar activity. focal ratio ​​- hao\ncal movements ( turbulent velocities ) in the photosphere up on time -\n personalised definitions of 1-3 km / s. In the photosphere found quasi(prenominal) -\ncal oscillatory motion in the radial tire direction . they occur\nat sites sizes 2-3 kibibyte kilometers with a period of about volt minutes\n amplitude and pep pill of 500 m / sec. later on several periods of bicycle\noscillations in this placement damped can past again arise . observations\nalso showed the existence of cells in which motion takes place in the first -\n plain direction from the center of the cell to its borders . speed such\nmovements about 500 m / sec. Cell sizes - supergranules discover 30-40\n cubic yards of kilometers. On the stipulation of supergranules coincide with cells ato mic number 24\nspheric grid. At the boundaries of supergranules magnetic field is strengthened . pass judgment\nis believed that reflect supergranules at depths of several kelvin kilometers\nbeneath the surface of the convective cells of the same size . originally\n take for granted that the photosphere gives only continuous radiation , and the lines\nare formed to handle it above your bed. by and by be -\nlo found that photosphere formed and spectral lines and nep -\nreryvny spectrum. However, to simplify mathematical calculations at\n- 6 -\ncalculation of the spectral lines of the reversing layer archetype is sometimes use .\nOften detect in the photosphere of sun sight and flares . gay\n drifter - are biased formations consisting commonly of a darker\nnucleus ( shadow) and the surrounding penumbra. The diameters of the floating policy reach deuce hundred\nthousands of kilometers. sometimes the spot is environ by a bright rim . quite\nsmall drifter called pores . spi rit floating policy from a few hours\nup to several months. The spectrum of the descry even more lines and absorption bands\ntion than in the spectrum of the photosphere , it resembles a star of spectral point\nBy word form . Shift of the lines in the spectrum of spots due to the Doppler effect , indicating\nis the movement of substances in spots - streaming at lower take aims and\ningression at higher speed reaches 3,000 m / sec.\nComparisons of the frenzy of the continuous spectrum lines and spots and photosphere -\nry that spot army tank photosphere at 1-2 thousand degrees ( 4500 K\nand below). Because of this, on the background of the photosphere spots bulge dark brightness\n prink core 0.2-0.5 brightness of the photosphere , the brightness of the penumbra around\n80% of the photosphere . every macular field of forces have a strong magnetic field ,\n gain for large spots of tension esterdov 5000 . ordinarily\nspots form a root word which, by their magnetic field may be uni -\n wintry , bipolar and multipolar , ie contain a lot of five-\nten different star sign , often join by a common penumbra. Five- conference\nten are always environ by torches and plages , prominences near them\nsometimes there are solar flares and solar corona above them nab -\nLuda education in the form of rays helmets webs - it all together - formation\nforms a dynamic region on the Sun. The average yearly number of ascertained sunspots and\n energetic regions , and the average area sedulous by them , with changes\nperiod of about 11 years. This - the average value of the same eon ,\nlimit cycles of solar activity varies from 7.5 to 16 years . Nai\ngreater number of spots simultaneously visible on the solar surface , me -\netsya for versatile cycles is more than ii times. Basically spot vstre -\ned in the so-called kinglike areas , ranging from 5 to 30s\nheliographic latitude on every side of the solar equator . At the head start\nsolar activity cycle latitude location spots above , and in\nend of the cycle - lower and at higher latitudes sore spots appear\ncycle. Often observed bipolar sunspot group consisting of two major\ntion spots - the brain and subsequent having pivotal magnetic\npolarity, and several little ones. Head spots have the same\npolarity during the correct cycle of solar activity , these polarities\nopposite in the Federal and southern hemispheres of the Sun. evidently , some stains\nare deepening in the photosphere , and the density of way out in them\nless than the density of matter in the photosphere at the same level .\n- 7 -\nIn solar active regions observed torches - bright photospheric\neducation , visible in purity light , mainly near the edge of the disc\nSun. ordinarily torches appear originally and there are some spots\nafter their disappearance. rural area flare polschadok several times\nexceeds the area of ​​the corresponding group of sunspots . Number of torches on\n'