An Analysis on the Interaction of the Different aspects on Human Development

Abstract The growing up performance or the human develop psychical carry out has been an interesting topic of re seek in the field of Psychology. Great psychologists and sociologists have already provided up of the different theories and hypotheses about growing up. However, the application of these theories whitethorn non that easy for us to understand. Therefore this study shall describe, comp be, and contrast the increaseal theories according to the psychodynamic, cognitive, learning, and humanistic perspectives.An analysis on the Interaction of the Different fonts on kind Developmenton the Overall Development of a Child Development or the growing-up process is the approximately crucial part of a somebodys life. It is the time when changes in the cognitive, aflame, and biological aspects occur. Hence, this is the decimal point when a several(prenominal) needs utmost attention and guidance. This area has been a topic of interest for researchers for several eld which led to the birth of Developmental Psychology as a separate field of study. Developmental psychological science aims to grasp and provide a better sagaciousness of the idea and signifi loaferce of growing up in r singlelying a persons full potential.To explain the process of human ontogeny, various theories were proposed by several psychologists. Hence, this paper aims to describe, compare, and contrast the developmental theories according to the psychodynamic, cognitive, learning, and humanistic perspectives. Psychodynamic Perspective Freuds Psychosexual conjecture There are various theories in studying the development in human life cycle. The archetypal one is the Psychodynamic perspective. In this possible action, the names Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson hover among the a nonher(prenominal)(a)s.Freuds speculation attempts to explain human development finished and through what he calls the psychosexual stages. According to his possibleness, sexuality starts at a very ea rly stage in a persons life. Each stage is identified according to the specific pleasure reference book a babe has on that stage. In case that a pleasure urge is not gratified, it may eventually lead to various repairs later in a persons life (Institute of adult male Thermodynamics IoHT, 2005). Freud enumerates the different psychosexual stages as follows Table 1 The Psychosexual Stages Stage Pleasure source involvement/Fixation Oral(birth-18months)Mouth Oral Fixation- excessive eating, drinking, smoking, and biting of nails Anal (2-4 old age) Anus Anal fixation o Anal retentiveness- too much hallowliness/ cleanliness o Anal repulsiveness- messy Phallic (4-5 years) Genitals Oedipus (boys) or Electra (girls) complex, expurgation Anxiety, Penis Envy Latency (6-puberty) Repressed sexual urges Genital (puberty onward) Physical sexual changes reawaken reduce needs. Social rules Freud in like manner emphasized the effects of the Id, Ego, and Superego in the developmental proces s of a infant. The id is the pleasure quest part of individuals.This is the source of biological needs and drives. On the early(a) hand, the superego is oftentimes in conflict with the id because it consists of the honourable part of individuals, and it is more popularly expound as the voice of the conscience. Finally, the ego operates under reality, and it is further described by Freud as the conscious mind which contains ones thoughts, judgments, and memories (IoHT, 2005). In summary, the common chord main concepts of Freuds psychosexual speculation are (1) pleasure and fixation (2) sexuality at an early age and (3) id, ego, and superego.Pleasure and fixation deals about the pleasure sources of an individual per stage and the fixation that may come if that legitimate pleasure pass on not be gratified. Sexuality at an early age on the other(a) hand dialogue about the sexual pleasures an individual experiences during the early outcomes of life, which Freud explain to be the major source of all our frustrations as we grow old. Lastly he also talks the id, ago and superego which, for Freud, are the central controllers of our behavior. Freuds psychosexual theory is standardized to other developmental theories in several ways. First, it summarizes the developmental process into stages.Second, akin other theories, this theory also talks about a childs needs and the immenseness of gratification. Finally, it associates sentience as a factor in each stage. However, the psychosexual theory appears to be different from other psychosexual theory in various ways. One of its unique features is that it deals with sexuality in the early years of a childs development. Another distinct characteristic of this theory is that it does not involve other emotional and external factors. Lastly, it does not include other areas of growth aside from the sexual development.Eriksons Psycho tender opening Eriksons theory deals with personalizedity development. In this the ory, Erikson summarized the Psychosocial Development of a person into eight different stages. The 1) sureness vs. mistrust, 2) autonomy vs. shame, 3) initiative vs. guilt, 4) industry vs. inferiority, 5) identity vs. role confusion, 6) intimacy vs. isolation, 7) generativity vs. stagnation and 8) integrity vs. despair. In each stage, a person deals with a crisis based on physiological development and the demands from the parents, guardians, or the society (Clifton & Davis, 1995).In summary, the 3 main concepts of Eriksons personality development theory are (1) a persons search for an identity, which answers the question of why an individual goes through the different psychosocial development stages (2) psychosocial crisis, which talks about the social and personal difficulties and problems that a person experiences whenever he or she was not able to overcome a psychosocial stage success fully and (3) the ego psychology in agreement with Freuds ego concept, which explains that the ego primarily controls the way a person acts and socializes.Eriksons psychosocial theory appears to be similar to other developmental theories in numerous ways. First, like other theories, it summarizes the developmental process into stages. Second, it talks about a childs needs and the importance of gratification as well. Last, the psychosocial theory associates the effects of the social purlieu with a childs development. However, or so features of the psychosocial theory make it distinct from the other developmental theories. One of these features is that it believes that the ego is of utmost importance.Another characteristic of this theory that sets it apart from the others is that it believes that both(prenominal) social and sexual factors play an important role in personality development. Finally, it also deals with mental health. Cognitive Developmental conjecture The most renowned counselor of the Cognitive Development Theory is Jean Piaget. In this theory, he points out that cognitive development is a process where a childs knowledge and awareness of his/her surroundings is a function of experience and time.Piaget claims that children have this so-called reflexes at birth which control their behavior (Huitt & Hummer, 2003). These reflexes are then replaced with constructed schemes. He described the processes as immersion and Accommodation. Assimilation pertains to the process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in a pre-existing cognitive structure (Huitt & Hummer, 2003).On the other hand, accommodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment. Piaget further simplified his theory by enumerating what he called the stages of cognitive development 1) Sensorimotor stage (infancy) 2) Pre-operational stage (toddler and early childhood) 3) Concrete Operational stage (elementary and early adolescence) and 4) formal operational stage (adolescence and adulthood) (Preiss er, 1997).In summary, the three main concepts of Piagets Cognitive Developmental theory are (1) reflexes and schemas are the main factors of a persons behavior (2) assimilation and accommodation, where assimilation is the process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures, while accomodation is the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment (Huitt & Hummer, 2003) and (3) constructivist learning, which explains that the learning is mostly dependent on the learner and the teacher.It is the learner who interacts with his or her environment and thus gains an understanding of its features and characteristics (Thanasoulas, 2003). Some traits of Piagets Cognitive Development Theory are similar to other developmental theories include the following (1) it summarizes the developmental process into stages (2) it talks about a childs needs and the importance of gratification and (3) it emp hasizes the role of the parents/guardians in a childs development. However, certain characteristics of this theory make it unique and different from other developmental theories.These characteristics are as follows (1) it focuses on mental development only (2) it looks at the cognitive development not incisively as a serial of several stages but also as a process as a whole and (3) it does not look at the other factors, such as the social and emotional aspect of a childs development. cultivation Perspective Social Learning Theory Among other theorists, Albert Bandura is considered as the leading proponent of this theory. According to J. E. Ormrod (1999), Social Learning Theory keeps its focus on the learning that occurs within a social context.This is means that people tend to learn through card and modeling. This theory also proposes that learning is notwithstanding possible to occur even without a change in behavior. This is because according to social psychologists, a person can learn through observation alone, and this may not manifest in ones actions. The theory also states that learning experiences possible through cognition that is, prediction of future rewards or punishments has a great effect on how a person behaves (Ormrod, 1999).In summary, the three main concepts of Banduras Social Learning theory are (1) learning through observation and modeling, where people learn easily through observation and imitating another individuals behavior (2) cognition as a major factor of learning, which refers to an individuals knowledge absorption, analysis, and processing and (3) self-efficacy, which refers to how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave. Such beliefs produce these diverse effects through four major processes (Bandura, 1994).Banduras Social Learning appears to be similar to other theories as it (1) focuses on mental and learning process (2) emphasize the role of parents/guardians in a childs development and (3) mentions about the s ignificance of reinforcements in learning. However, this theory also differs from other theory because it (1) emphasizes on modeling as a form of learning (2) deals with self-efficacy and (3) centers on the stages of the learning process rather than on the development process as a whole.Humanistic Perspective Self Actualization and Hierarchy of Needs This theory is proposed by Carl Rogers. He explained through this theory that just like animals, plants, and other organisms, human beings have that natural urge to expand and survive (Boeree, 2007). This theory also emphasizes the importance of positive regard and positive self-regard in the process of growing up which, he says, may eventually lead a person to accomplish his or her full potential and worththe full functionality of a person.In summary, the three main concepts of Rogers Personality theory are (1) self actualization which is concerned with the awareness or realization of ones identity which helps to reap his/her utmost capabilities and potentials (2) positive self-regard, which, just like self esteem and self confidence, helps build up an individuals trust in his/herself that s/he can do anything that s/he endeavors and (3) fully functioning persona person who achieved self actualization and consistently has positive self-regard. Rogers Personality theory has characteristics that are similar to other developmental theories.These similarities include the following (1) it sees people only as salutary, healthy, well, or ill (2) it perceives mental health as a normal progression in life and (3) it is person-centered (Boeree, 2007 Pescitelli, 1996). However, this theory has features that make it different from other developmental theories. These features include (1) it is relatively simple (2) it looks at cognitive development, not as a series of several stages but also as a process as a whole and (3) it does not take into good will other factors such as the social and emotional aspect of a childs de velopment.Importance of Understanding the Developmental Theories in Helping Children Reach Their voltage All new born children need and deserve the attention, love, and support from their parents. However, the support and the care do not actually stop at that period of life rather, it has only just begun. The most important period when a child needs proper care and guidance is during his/her early years. It is during this time when various factors, both internal (e. g. , thought processes) and external (e. g. , family), shape the personality of the child and what s/he can become (Day, 2008).It is also during this stage that children find their identitywho they want to be in the society and how they want to be treated as a person. In this development process, the cognitive, physical, and emotional aspects of a child are unified in a way that each one affects the childs overall development in various ways. The cognitive aspect of a childs development is directly connected to the oth er two since it is the mental processes which govern the rest of an individuals activities and behavior.The physical aspect on the other hand is important to be developed properly since the physical capacities and limitations of an individual depend to that. Lastly, the emotional aspect also poses significance in a childs development since this will determine how sacrosanct and how weak shall this person be in dealing with personal and social emotional issues in the future. Thus, the parents cannot just focus on one aspect of development rather, these three aspects must be taken into consideration and must be given proper attention.In addition to this, a growing child is more unguarded and more fragile compared to adults. For this reason, children must receive proper guidance in order for them to become good and useful members of the society. Through the theories discussed in this paper, it can be concluded that a childs development is never as simple as gaining height and weight. It is not as plain as learning to write and read better through the days spent in school.In the process, the parents and the childs environment actually mold him/her into a person who can reach his/her greatest potentials. If parents neglect or stag in this obligation, issues and problems may arise regarding a childs attitude, behavior, and capabilities later on when s/he grows as an adult. Hence, just like a butterflys metamorphosis, parents want their children to grow with the most exquisite and strongest wings possible that is, through understanding these developmental theories.ReferencesBandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). overbold York Academic Press. (Reprinted in H. Friedman Ed., Encyclopedia of Mental Health. San Diego Academic Press, 1998)Boeree, C.G. (2007). Carl Rogers 1902-1987. Personality Theories. Retrieved October16, 2008 from http//www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_rogers.pdfClifton, A. and Davis, D., Psychosocial Theory Erikson, Haverford College. RetrievedOctober 15, 2008 fromhttp//www.haverford.edu/psych/ddavis/p109g/erikson.stages.htmlDay, A. (2008). Why understanding your childs personality is so important. 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